Palmer Long-Term Ecological Research Progress Report June1997-May1998 1. Brief summary of progress & highlights of research accomplishments. **Highlights The Palmer LTER sampling strategy combines seasonal time series data from the nearshore Palmer grid and seabird observations from nesting sites near Palmer Station with annual cruises covering a regional grid along the western Antarctic Peninsula (WAP). During USAP 9798 the PAL completed a seventh season at Palmer Station (with field sampling from mid-November to late March) as well as the sixth mesoscale summer time series research work at sea. This season two research vessels were required to complete the at sea field work due to the late delivery of the new antarctic Supply and Research Vessel L.M. Gould. The Research Vessel AbelJ (LMGR98-08) was used from 18jan98-24jan98 (substituting for the delayed L.M. Gould) and was used to carry out sampling within the nearshore grids and the LTER 600 transect line. Use of the AbelJ permitted this work to be completed during the critical penguin foraging period thus matching previous year's observations. Sampling within the remainder of the grid continued aboard the newly delivered L.M.Gould (LMG98-01) from 28jan98 to 13feb98. All field components participated in the cruise. During this cruise the hydrographic work was performed by ASA under the direction of the chief scientist. This is a departure from past cruises where the Bio-optical Profiling System (R. Smith) was used to simultaneously obtain both hydorgraphic and bio-optical data. The cruise was also used to carry out repairs on the failed Hugo Automatic Weather Station. Terrestrial bird studies were conducted at Hugo as well as Ginger Island. The bottom-moored sediment trap mooring was recovered and redeployed at Victor Hugo Island providing a 6 year record of particle export. An attempted trap deployment at Marguerite Bay did not succeed. There were a number of group efforts during this period. The Palmer LTER (PAL) hosted the 1997 LTER Coordinating Committee (LTER CC) Meeting in Santa Barbara (23-26 October) with the theme "Climate Variability and Ecological Responses". NOAA, via the Channel Island National Marine Sanctuary program, provided the Palmer PI's with 1/2 day ship time on the RV McArthur. This ship time was used as an alternative to a field trip and permitted the PAL to demonstrate to the LTER CC various oceanographic instruments and at sea sampling operations. Following the CC meeting, a productive meeting was held with the Palmer LTER Steering Advisory Committee (26-27 October). A search was conducted and Doug Martinson was selected unanimously as a new Palmer component member. A Palmer LTER program review was held in Washington at NSF (May 1988, see talks summary in the bibliography). In conjunction with this meeting several PI meetings were also held. Preparations were begun for Palmer LTER participation at Scientific Committee for Antarctic Research VII International Biology Symposium with a theme of Antarctic Ecosystems: Models for wider ecological understanding (held following this report period). A supplemental group project (funded as a Network supplement) was aimed at improving our understanding of the paleohistory of the Western Antarctic Peninsula. A paleohistory Workshop was held 20-23 August 1997. Objectives included review & evaluation of the late Quaternary climate history of the WAP, presentation & evaluation of the most recent paleo data, presentation of results of penguin rookerie excavations, review of historical meteorological, sea ice & sediment trap records, and evaluation of these paleoecological records in the context of various hypothesis on climate variability and ecosystem responses to this variability. Complementary field sampling was carried out under this supplementary funding by S.Emslie during the 1996/1997 season (Emslie et al., 1998). This productive workshop stimulated an interdisciplinary publication (R.Smith et al., BioScience accepted). The bibliography lists the LTER presentations made including those at the Gordon Research Conference on Coastal Ocean Circulation (Jun97), the LTER Central Committee Meeting (Oct97), and the Data and Information Workshop (Aug97). One Masters student thesis was complete during this time period. Data Information (K. Baker) Each component was assisted in meeting the data policy requirement of putting data online within two years of study completion. Data is online at http://www.icess.ucsb.edu/cgi-bin/studycatalog.cgi. Other data management work included: (a) Update of the Palmer LTER homepage to highlight selected topics such as education and ongoing field work. (b) Co-ordination was continued with ASA to investigate weather observations and upgrade strategies for maintaining quality long-term met data. (c) A review of the temperature history for the 24 year Palmer record was completed. (d) Cruise and Palmer season reports were completed making use of a co-ordinated format in the form of Antarctic Journal (AJUS) articles and these were accepted for the January 1997 cruises and the Palmer 1996-1997 season. (e) Cruise and season reports with a co-ordinated format in the form of journal articles have been drafted for the January 1998 cruises and the Palmer 1997-1998 season. (f) Attendance at the 1997 DataManager Meeting with participation including presentation on an LTER software survey and co-development of the LTER climate database. (g) Talks on Palmer's data management history, on the LTER climate database efforts and on LTER software tools have been presented at the Data and Information Management in the Ecological Sciences workshop, held at University of New Mexico in August 1997, and publication in the proceedings followed (see Network Activities). (h) Participation in the LTER Climate Meeting in Albuquerque, NM 2-5 Oct97 where the LTER weather instrumentation recommendations were updated and the LTER Data Manager Climate Database effort reviewed. (i) Presentations were made at the Oct97 LTER Co-ordinating Committee on the LTER Network Information System in general the the LTER Climate Database in particular. (j) Planning and participation in the LTER Information Manager DataTask Meeting in February at Oregon State University took place. A presentation on the LTER members site description database (see Network Activities) was made. Discussions regarding potential collaborations with Northwest Alliance for Computational Science and Engineering were held covering how to create a cooperative where research groups can partner with computer scientists. (k) Discussions regarding an LTER Network office fellowship were pursued. Remote Sensing (R. Smith) Remote sensing efforts continue to focus on sea ice and phytoplankton biomass and productivity. Investigations having a primary objective of understanding the physical & climatic controls on interannual sea ice variability and the effects of this variability continue (Stammerjohn and Smith, 1997). Passive microwave derived ice concentrations have been used to study the southern ocean and the WAP area and have resulted in development of a set of ice indexes discussed in a cover article of Bioscience (Smith, Baker & Stammerjohn, 1998). The ice indexes quantitatively define the timing & magnitude of ice coverage & give a common context within which to interpret ecosystem studies (Ross and Quetin, 1996; Karl et al, 1996). The paper was expanded into a report (Stammerjohn, Baker, Smith, 1998) in order to cover an expanded set of areas pertinent to other research projects in the Antarctic and to include an appendix specific to the Cape Roberts Drilling Project. A collaborative NASA-funded effort is investigating the variability in sea-ice coverage and ice-motion dynamics in the Palmer LTER region (Stammerjohn, Smith, Drinkwater & Liu, 1998). Peer review manuscripts accepted in the Journal of Marine Science in July 1996 (Brest conference) are finally in press ("Seasonal and interannual variability of phytoplankton biomass west of the Antarctic Peninsula", Smith, Baker & Vernet, JMS 1998 & "Primary productivity of the Palmer Long Term Ecological Research Area and the Southern Ocean", Smith, Baker, Byers & Stammerjohn, JMS 1998). A manuscript, "Modeling primary productivity in Antarctic coastal waters" (Dierssen, Vernet & Smith) has been submitted which quantitatively demonstrates that phytoplankton in the Southern Ocean have significantly different photoadaptive variable and model parameters than phytoplankton in temperate waters. These, and other unique bio-optical characteristics (work in progress) require distinct algorithms for the estimation of both phytoplankton biomass and primary productivity using ocean color satellite imagery. Modeling (J. Klinck & E. Hofmann) Publications are listed in the bibliography. No report was received. Microbiology and Carbon Flux Component (D. Karl) The microbiology and carbon flux measurements collectively provide a description of the large scale movements of carbon, from photosynthetic production to respiration and sediment burial. The use of autonomous moorings allows us to record events year round and to examine the role of sea ice in export production processes. A companion project (LTER Cross-site comparison: Microbial loop dynamics and regulation of bacterial physiology in subtropical and polar marine habitats, DEB #9526986; D. Karl) that was designed to examine the role of the microbial food web in the Palmer LTER study area and to develop a physiologically based model of the interactions between bacterioplankton and the other microorganisms ended this project period. Several papers are currently in preparation. Past field work has revealed several significant features: (1) documentation of substantial depletions in the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2), especially in areas near Palmer Basin and in Marguerite Bay, that are associated with and indicative of hypereutrophic conditions and extensive net production of particulate organic matter, (2) confirmation of our previous report of an unusual temporal decoupling of photoautotrophic and chemoheterotrophic bacterial processes which sustains both the high net CO2 depletions mentioned above, and a net accumulation of dissolved oxygen -- reasons for this decoupling are not known and (3) significant export of particulate matter from the euphotic zone, especially at the initiation of the spring bloom (Nov-Dec), as recorded by the bottom-moored sediment traps. All aspects of this research have continued in the current project year. In addition, two new areas of research have been included: (1) collaborative studies of the distribution of planktonic Archaea in the LTER region and (2) measurements of phytoplankton photorespiration. With regard to the Archaea project, one joint paper with Ed DeLong's laboratory (Murray et al., Aquatic Microbial Ecology in press) has recently been completed. This field year (LMG99-01) we will be making at sea measurements of Archaea using a novel fluorescence in situ hybridization technique that employs polynucleotide probes. This will allow us to alter experimental design and to otherwise improve the scope of our field observations while still at sea. This work is being done in collaboration with Ed DeLong (MBARI). From past data sets mostly on dissolved oxygen and dissolved carbon dioxide measurements, we had reason to suspect that photorespiration may be an important sink for carbon and energy in the LTER study area in summer. We have developed several new chemical and enzymatic measurement techniques that we will employ in the 1999 cruise. Phytoplankton (M. Vernet) The timing and the magnitude of the phytoplankton blooms is a critical feature of the Antarctic ecosystem yet poorly understood (Smith et al 1996). The field sampling designed to address this question at Palmer Station includes total particulate carbon, primary productivity experiments, photosynthetic pigments, and determination of environmental variables controlling primary production. The bloom development documented previously (Smith,Baker,Vernet 1996), with a larger spring bloom and a smaller summer bloom did not occurr in 1997/1998. For 120 days of growth, and based on 100 days of sampling, it was estimated at about 110+/18 g C m-2 a-1, the lowest in the last four seasons, compared with 140 g C m-2 a-1 in 1996/1997, 176 g C m-2 a-1 in 1994/95 and >236 g C m-2 a-1 in 1995/96. This year's values are as low as those observed during 1992/1993 and 1993/1994, marking the completion of an 'ice cycle', expected to last from 5 to 7 years. Primary production over the continental shelf (the LTER grid) was also the lowest in the last 4 years and followed phytoplankton biomass. The spatial distribution followed that of last season (1996/1997). The only area of high biomass accumulation was at Maguerite Bay. The distribution of primary production showed the classical pattern of onshore-offshore gradient and almost no north-south gradient. Data analysis included preparation of 4 manuscripts: one with Ray Smith and others (in press in BioScience), one with Heidi Dierssen and Ray Smith on modeling of primary production (submitted to Antarctic Science), on on krill grazing estimates with Robin Ross and co-workers (to be submitted), and a new method to estimate primary production in different phytoplankton groups that will be submitted to Limnology and Oceanography before the end of the year. In addition, data analysis continues with graduate students Danielle Harvey (USC) and Cristine Moraes (Japan) who participated in the 1996/1997 season. Samples analysis is now complete and they are both preparing manuscripts. During this period I also participated in 4 meetings: the LTER CC and the Steering Committee meetings (October 1997), NSF review (May 1998) and the VII Symposium on Biology, SCAR (August 1998). REU student: Karie Sines participated during the cruise and Palmer Station and analyzed the nutrient samples for the inshore stations. For this coming season, we will continue the sampling to ascertain temporal and spatial distribution of phytoplankton. In addition, we will carry out temperature experiments for phytoplankton primary production, in an effort to improve primary production from space (AVHRR). This effort will be in collaboration with Heidi Dierssen and Ray Smith (UCSB). In collaboration with Dr. Martha Ferrario of Argentina, a new graduate student (Irene Garibotti) has started analysis of phytoplankton collected during LTER cruises using microscopy. She is being funded by Argentina through CONICET under a PhD fellowship. Krill (R. Ross & L. Quetin) During the past year temporal variability in two physiological processes that control production in Euphausia superba has been analyzed. Data on the physiological matury stage composition of female krill during five austral summer cruises (1993 - 1997) showed that 1) the size/age at which E. superba reaches maturity is highly variable; and that 2) the percent of mature females that reproduces in any one year varies from ~10% to over 95%, with the highest percent reproducing the summer after above average spring sea ice extent (Shaw 1997). These results suggest that reproduction in the relatively long-lived Antarctic krill is flexible, with possible delays of one to several years in age of first reproduction, and the ability to skip a reproductive season if conditions are not favorable. Growth of Antarctic krill about 1 year old during the spring and early summer of 4 seasons was analyzed in relation to the available food quantity and quality. Both seasonal and interannual variability, were high, with growth rates varying from 2 - 12% per intermolt period. Growth rates were significantly correlated with both food quantity (chlorophyll a concentration) and the phytoplankton community composition. The correlation with prymnesiophytes was negative, whereas that with diatoms was positive. Understanding the possible mechanisms underlying these results is one of the topics of a recently completed Ph. D. thesis on the feeding ecology of Antarctic krill. With a series of experiments on selective grazing, Haberman (1998) showed that adult krill select diatoms over either prymnesiophytes or cryptomonads in mixed phytoplankton assemblages. Sea Birds (W. Fraser) Field work continued to focus on the following Adelie Penguin core data where preliminary season results suggest: Adelie Penguin breeding population size, a measure of winter survival, decreased by 3.6% relative to the 1996 season (4285 VS. 4445 pairs); per-pair breeding success increased by 7.0% (1.58 VS. 1.47 chicks creched per pair); breeding chronology was unchanged relative to last season; mean fledging weights also remained unchanged (3.05 vs. 3.04 kg); crustaceans were the principal dietary component, with the krill Euphausia superba comprising 98% of the diet by weight; foraging trip durations during the brood period were generally shorter relative to last season (11.87 vs 14.03 hours). Data related to annual recruitment and pelagic distribution have not been analyzed. The 3.6% decrease in breeding pairs agrees with the effects that a low ice year is expected to have on overwinter survival. The decrease in foraging trip durations also agrees with now well documented trends on the effects that sea ice has on krill recruitment and abundance. The increase in breeding success of 0.11 chicks per pair may in part reflect a lack of tick infestations early in the season. **Brief summary of work to be performed during the next year of support. During the USAP 9899 we plan to participant in two research cruises (99Jan and 99Jun) and the seasonal time series at Palmer Station (Sep-Mar). Efforts will continue to streamline both operations. During 99Jun we plan to test several hypothesis associated with the period of sea ice formation and the relationship of this formation period to various components of the ecosystem. **Outreach A high school marine science teacher from Texas participated in the January 1998 cruise as an NSF Teachers Experiencing Antarctica (TEA) program scholar. Real time field reports via the world wide web were provided to online classrooms. The January 1998 field team again supported the XBT study directed by Janet Sprintall of Scripps Institution of Oceanography during the northbound Drake crossing. Congressional testimony on Global Warming Effects on Antarctic Ecosystems was given in June 1997 by Bill Fraser. A series of separate talks continued to be given at elementary schools in Santa Barbara, San Diego and Poway as well as to SD Girl Scout Groups by Palmer LTER personnel focusing on Antarctic work. Discussions were held in conjunction with a collaborating science writer and editor and with the Stephen Birch Aquarium Director and Education Co-ordinator on potential joint education projects. An application for an educational supplement for a schoolyard LTER was drafted as part of a growing education development within the LTER network as a whole. As part of the Antarctic community, Palmer LTER scientists participate on the the Antarctic Research Vessel Committee (D.Karl, R.Ross, D.Martinson), the Palmer Area User's Committee Meeting (R.Smith,L.Quetin,W.Fraser). Preparations are being made for participation in this year's Scientific Committee for Antarctic Research (SCAR) Meeting to be held in Christchurch, New Zealand and the Workshop on Long Term Ecological Research at SCAR. This will provide the opportunity to interface with the Antarctic community as a whole. Participation in the Sea Ice Ecology Gordon Conference (6 posters) provided the opportunity to interface with the sea ice community as a whole. Co-ordination with the British Antarctic Survey (BAS) continues. During the 1997-1998 season, the James Clark Ross called at Palmer Station to pick up some Antarctic krill that had been collected by L. Quetin for the genetic diversity survey being conducted by BAS. There is participation in activities associated with CCAMLR, International Southern Ocean and the US Globec efforts, the Joint Global Ocean Flux Meetings (presentation) and Gordon Conferences on ice. R.Ross is on the International Organizing Committee for the Second International Symposium on Krill, 25-27 August 1999. Palmer LTER Data Manager presentations at the workshop Data and Information Management in the Ecological Sciences provided a unique opportunity for outreach to the other lter sites as well as to the Biological Field Stations and other national data management efforts. **LTER Cross Site and Network Level Activities Ray Smith, as lead Palmer PI and a member of the LTER Executive Committee, attends all the LTER coordinating Committee and Executive Meetings (typically 4 per year). The yearly fall LTER Coordinating Committee Meeting, 26-27 October, was hosted by the Palmer LTER and held in Santa Barbara this year with the sub theme of "Climate Change and Ecological Response". Presentations were made by all Palmer LTER team members (see talks summary in the bibliography). The meeting included an oceanographic field trip which provided an opportunity to present our site's work to the LTER group. A publication committee follow-up meeting was held at Santa Barbara to develop a volume in the Network Synthesis LTER series. An LTER network supported archaeoclimatology meeting meeting was hosted by Palmer LTER at Santa Barbara 17-20 August 1997. Work included use of site-specific meteorological data for input to an archaeoclimatology model (AM) and comparison of results with paleo-records. Discussions included alternative models of climate reconstruction and how the LTER site's might test such models. The Palmer LTER data manager continued as an active member in Network activities as a member of the LTER Data Manager DataTask Group which met at Oregon State University in Feb98 as well as a participant at the annual data manager meeting at University of Maryland. Updates were made to the annual Site Software Survey and contributions made to the year's data manager report. As a member of the Data Management Climate Committee, Palmer is participating in an effort to create a prototype to harvest site climate data and co-ordinating with LTER meteorologists and ecologists. Palmer's data manager is co-leading with D.Blodgett, the BNZ data manager, a project to design an LTER site description module for the LTER Network Information System. She is also co-leading with C.Wasser, the SGS data manager, a project to design some knowledge management schemes focused on methods of organization of the LTER group base of information. The LTER data managers co-ordinated a strong showing at the Data and Information Workshop including Palmer participation with a summary of Palmer data management (Baker, 1997), of network software (Baker, 1997), and of the climate database effort (Henshaw, Benson, Baker, Blodgett, 1997). 2. A brief summary of work to be performed during the next year of support if changed from the original proposal; an indication of any current problems or favorable or unusual developments; and any other significant information pertinent to the type of project supported by NSF or as specified by the terms and conditions of the grant; (a) The shifting of resources from data collection emphasis to meeting data policy requirements and publishing results continued. (b) Simplification of hydrographic data collection was sought through development of a supertech concept. The concept was approved by NSF in general, Doug Martinson has provided ASA & OPP/NSF with a "skills list", and the subject remains under discussion. (c) The planned May1998 ice cruise on the new LMGould was delayed a year due to various ship-related delays and uncertainties. The PAL sea ice cruise has been rescheduled for June99 on the NBPalmer. (d) The Palmer field station effort was limited to 6 personnel on station during the 9798 season which brought about further modification of the field program. (e) The delay of the LMGoulld and the subsequent use of the AbelJ permitted sampling during the critical period during the first weeks of January, but due to equipment limitation sampling had to be redesigned or canceled. (f) With the decision of E.Hofmann and J.Klinck (ODU) to discontinue participation as of 1998, PAL PIs made the decision to transition to a modeling component led by Doug Martinson. Martinson was selected from a number of potential candidates after careful study by the PIs. Originally, D.Martinson was to be funded with a 45K supplement in 1997, but the amount was subsequently changed to 20K. Beginning this fiscal year, a subcontract to Doug Martinson at Lamont will replace the former subcontract to ODU. LTER 1997-98 Publications LTER Journal Articles 97-98 1. Mark A Moline and Barbara B Prezelin, "High resolution time-series data for 91/92 primary production and related parameters at a Palmer LTER coastal site: implications for modeling carbon fixation in the Southern Ocean," Polar Biology, 17:39-53, 1997. Palmer LTER Contribution #048 . 2. TK Frazer, LB Quetin, and RM Ross, "Abundance and distribution of larval krill, Euphausia superba, associated with annual sea ice in winter," in: Antarctic Communities: Species, Structure and Survival, B Battaglia, J Valencia, and DWH Walton, eds., p. 107- 111, Cambridge University Press, New York, 1997. Palmer LTER Contribution #049. 3. WR Fraser and DL Patterson, "Human disturbance and long-term changes in Adelie penguin populations: a natural experiment at Palmer Station, Antarctic Peninsula," in: Antarctic Communities: Species, Structure and Survival, B Battaglia, J Valencia, and DWH Walton, eds., p. 445-452, Cambridge University Press, New York, 1997 . Palmer LTER Contribution #053. 4. EE Hofmann and JM Klinck, "Hydrography and circulation of the Antarctic continental shelf: 150 E to the Greenwich Meridian," in: The Sea, The Global Coastal Ocean, Regional Studies and Synthesis, AR Robinson and KH Brink, eds., vol. 11. p. 67-81, 1997. Palmer LTER Contribution #134. 5. H Claustre, Mark A Moline, and Barbara B Prezelin, "Sources of variability in the column photosynthetic cross section for Antarctic coastal waters," Journal of Geophysical Research, 102(C11):25047-25060, 1997. Palmer LTER Contribution #131. 6. EE Hofmann and JM Klinck, "Seasonal variability of the hydrography and circulation of the west Antarctic Peninsula continental shelf (in press)," in: Antarctic Continental Shelf Oceanography, SS Jacobs, ed., vol. xx. (AGU Antarctic Research Series), p. xx-xx, 1997. Palmer LTER Contribution #119. 7. DA Smith, EE Hofmann, CM Lascara, and JM Klinck, "Hydrography and circulation of the west Antarctic Peninsula continental shelf (in press)," Deep-Sea Research, xx:xx-xx, 1997. Palmer LTER Contribution #120. 8. RM Letelier, MR Abbott, and DM Karl, "Chlorophyll natural fluorescence response to upwelling events in the Southern Ocean," Geophysical Research Letters, 24(4):409-412, 1997. Palmer LTER Contribution #126. 9. JR Christian and David M Karl, "Ectoaminopeptidase specificity and regulation in Antarctic pelagic microbial communities," Aquatic Microbial Ecology, 15(3):303-310, 1997. Palmer LTER Contribution #164. 10. David M Karl, "Oceanic carbon cycle and global environmental change: A microbiological perspective (in press)," in: Global Aspects of Microbial Ecology, MT Martins, ed., 1997. Palmer LTER Contribution #128. 11. Mark A Moline, Barbara B Prezelin, Oscar Schofield, and Raymond C Smith, "Temporal dynamics of coastal Antarctic phytoplankton: environmental driving forces and impact of a 1991/92 summer diatom bloom on the nutrient regimes," in: Antarctic Communities: Species, Structure and Survival, B Battaglia, J Valencia, and DWH Walton, eds., p. 67-72, Cambridge University Press, New York, 1997. Palmer LTER Contribution #047. 12. Sharon E. Stammerjohn and Raymond C. Smith, "Opposing Southern Ocean climate patterns as revealed by trends in regional sea ice coverage," Climatic Change, 37:617-639, 1997. Palmer LTER Contribution #109. 13. Robin M Ross, Langdon B Quetin, and Karen L Haberman, "Interannual and seasonal variability in short-term grazing impact of Euphausia superba in nearshore and offshore waters west of the Antarctic Peninsula (in press)," Journal of Marine Systems, 1998. Palmer LTER Contribution #111. 14. CM Lascara, EE Hofmann, RM Ross, and LB Quetin, "Seasonal variability in the distribution of Antarctic krill, Euphausia superba, west of the Antarctic Peninsula (in press)," Deep-Sea Research, 1998. Palmer LTER Contribution #151. 15. JM Klinck, "Heat and salt changes on the continental shelf west of the Antarctic Peninsula between January 93 and January 94," Journal of Geophysical Research, 103(C4):7617-7636, 1998. Palmer LTER Contribution #125. 16. David M Karl and FC Dobbs, "Molecular approaches to microbial biomass estimation in the sea," in: Molecular Approaches to the Study of the Ocean, KE Cooksey, ed., p. 29-89, Chapman and Hall, London, 1998. Palmer LTER Contribution #129. 17. Thomas K Frazer, Langdon B Quetin, and Robin M Ross, "Abundance, sizes and developmental stages of larval krill, Euphausia superba, during winter in ice-covered seas west of the Antarctic Peninsula (accepted)," Journal of Plankton Research, 1998. Palmer LTER Contribution #152. 18. Martha E Ferrario, Eugenia A Sar, and Maria Vernet, "Chaetoceros resting spores in the Gerlache Strait, Antarctic Peninsula," Polar Biology, 19(4):286-288, 1998. Palmer LTER Contribution #154. 19. M A Moline, "Photoadaptive response during the development of a coastal Antarctic diatom bloom and relationship to water column stability," Limnology and Oceanography, 43(1):146-153, 1998. 20. EE Hofmann and JM Klinck, "Thermohaline variability of the waters overlying the West Antarctic Peninsula Continental Shelf," in: Ocean, Ice, and Atmosphere: Interactions, Stanley S Jacobs and Raymond F Weiss, eds., vol. 75. (AGU Antarctic Research Series), p. 67-81, 1998. Palmer LTER Contribution #161. 21. AE Murray, KY Wu, CL Moyer, David M Karl, and E DeLong, "Evidence for circumpolar distribution of planktonic Archaea in the Southern Ocean. Aquatic Microbial Ecology (in press)," Aquatic Microbial Ecology, x(x):xx-xx, 1998. Palmer LTER Contribution #165. 22. David M Karl, "A farewell tribute to the Antarctic Research Vessel Polar Duke," Oceanography, 11:xx-xx, 1998. Palmer LTER Contribution #166. 23. Mark A Moline, Oscar Schofield, and Nicolas P Boucher, "Photosynthetic parameters and empirical modelling of primary production: a case study on the Antarctic Peninsula shelf," Antarctic Science, 10(1):45-54, 1998. Palmer LTER Contribution #168. 24. Sharon Stammerjohn, Raymond C Smith, Mark R Drinkwater, and Xiang Liu, Variability in sea-ice coverage and ice-motion dynamics in the PAL LTER study region west of the Antarctic Peninsula (in press), vol. xx. (CIEEE 1998 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS'98) Digest, 6-10 July, Seattle, Washington), p. xx-xx, 1998. Palmer LTER Contribution #157. 25. Raymond C Smith, Karen S Baker, ML Byers, and SE Stammerjohn, "Primary Productivity of the Palmer Long Term Ecological Research Area and the Southern Ocean (in press)," Journal of Marine Systems, 1998. Palmer LTER Contribution #098. 26. Raymond C Smith, Karen S Baker, and Maria Vernet, "Seasonal and interannual variability of phytoplankton biomass west of the Antarctic Peninsula (in press)," Journal of Marine Systems, 1998. Palmer LTER Contribution #099. 27. Raymond C. Smith, Karen S. Baker, and Sharon E. Stammerjohn, "Exploring sea ice indexes for polar ecosystem studies," BioScience, 48:83-93, 1998. Palmer LTER Contribution #127. 28. Raymond C Smith, Eugene Domack, Steve Emslie, William Fraser, David Ainley, Karen S Baker, James Kennett, Amy Leventer, Ellen Mosley-Thompson, Sharon Stammerjohn, and Maria Vernet, "Marine Ecosystems sensitivity to historical climate change: Antarctic Peninsula (accepted)," BioScience, 1998. Palmer LTER Contribution #159. 29. Karen S Baker, "Palmer LTER information management," in: Data and information management in the ecological sciences: a resource guide, W Michener, J Porter, and S Stafford, eds., (Proceedings of workshop, held at University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, 8-9 August, '97), p. 105-110, 1998. Palmer LTER Contribution #149. 30. Karen S Baker, "Technological Underpinnings: Software," in: Data and information management in the ecological sciences: a resource guide, W Michener, J Porter, and S Stafford, eds., (Proceedings of workshop, held at University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, 8-9 August '97), p. 25-31, 1998. Palmer LTER Contribution #150. 31. Donald L Henshaw, Maryan Stubbs, Barbara J Benson, Karen S Baker, Darrell Blodgett, and John H Porter, "Climate database project: a strategy for improving information access across research sites," in: Data and information management in the ecological sciences: a resource guide, W Michener, J Porter, and S Stafford, eds., (Proceedings of workshop, held at University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, 8-9 August, '97), p. 123-127, 1998. Palmer LTER Contribution #160. 32. Steven D Emslie, William Fraser, Raymond C Smith, and William Walker, "Abandoned penguin colonies and environmental change in the Palmer Station area, Anvers Island, Antarctic Peninsula," Antarctic Science, 10(3):257-268, 1998. Palmer LTER Contribution #158. LTER Nonrefereed Works 97-98 1. Stuart P Donachie, Luis M Tupas, Christopher J Carrillo, David M Karl, and James R Christian, "A cross site study of microbial ectoenzyme activities and regulation: Preliminary results from the Palmer LTER component (accepted)," Antarctic Journal of the United States, 1997. Palmer LTER Contribution #162. 2. Christopher J Carrillo and David M Karl, "Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER) program: Underway semi- continuous measurements of surface ocean co2 concentrations (accepted)," Antarctic Journal of the United States, 1997. Palmer LTER Contribution #163. 3. Karen S Baker, Wendy A Kozlowski, Maria Vernet, Janice L. Jones, Langdon B. Quetin, Robin M. Ross, and Raymond C. Smith, "Palmer LTER: Annual season October 1996- March 1997 (accepted)," Antarctic Journal of the United States, 1997. Palmer LTER Contribution #147. 4. Robin M Ross and Karen S Baker, "Palmer LTER: Annual January Cruise for 1997 (PD97-1) (accepted)," Antarctic Journal of the United States, 1997. Palmer LTER Contribution #148. LTER Associated Articles 97-98 1. Videorecording Live From Antarctica2: Program 1, Mississippi State University, University Television Center, Video Resource, Piscataway, NJ 08854, 1997. 2. Videorecording Live From Antarctica2: Program 2, Secrets of Survival, Video Resource, Piscataway, NJ 08854, 1997. 3. Videorecording Live From Antarctica2: Program 3, Seeing the Future? Video Resource, Piscataway, NJ 08854, 1997. 4. TK Frazer, RM Ross, LB Quetin, and JP Montoya, "Turnover of carbon and nitrogen during growth of larval krill, Euphausia superba Dana: A stable isotope approach," Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 212(2):259-275, 1997. 5. Carl W Grobe, Christopher T Ruhland, and Thomas A Day, "A new population of colobanthus quitensis near Arthur Harbor, Antarctica: Correlating recruitment with warmer summer temperatures," Arctic and Alpine Research, 29(2):217-221, 1997. 6. William R. Fraser and Donna L. Patterson, "Human disturbance and long-term changes in Adelie Penguin populations: A natural experiment at Palmer Station, Antarctic Peninsula," in: Antarctic Communities, Species, Structure and Survival, B Battaglia, J Valencia, and D W H Walton, eds., p. 445-452, Cambridge University Press, New York, 1997. 7. Maria Vernet and Raymond C Smith, "Effects of ultraviolet radiation on the pelagic Antarctic ecosystem," in: The effects of ozone depletion on aquatic ecosystems, Donat-P. Ha"der, ed., p. 247-265, 1997. Palmer LTER Contribution #153. 8. BB Prezelin, M Moline, and HA Matlick, "Icecolors '93: spectral uv radiation effects on Antarctic frazil ice algae," in: Antarctic Sea Ice: Biological Processes, Interactions and Variability, Michael P Lizotte and Kevin R Arrigo, eds., (AGU Antarctic Research Series, 73), p. 45-83, 1998. 9. BA Fach, EE Hofmann, JM Klinck, RA Locarnini, and E Murphy, Relationship between biological transport and the Southern Antarctic Circumpolar Current in the Scotia Sea, 1998. AGU/ASLO 1998 Ocean Sciences Meeting, 9-13 February, San Diego, CA. 10. Maria Vernet, Patricia A Matrai, and Inger Andreassen, "Synthesis of particulate and extracellular carbon by phytoplankton at the marginal ice zone in the Barents Sea," Journal of Geophysical Research, 103(C1):1023- 1037, 1998. LTER Thesis 97-98 1. Caroline Shaw, Effect of sea ice conditions on physiological maturity of female Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba Dana) west of the Antarctic Peninsula, MA Thesis, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 1997. (98 pages). Palmer LTER Contribution #156. 2. Karen Haberman, Grazing by the Antarctic krill, Euphausia superba: Effects of phytoplankton type & food quality on ingestion, assimilation and growth of krill, PhD Thesis, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 1998. (180 pages). Palmer LTER Contribution #167. LTER Reports 97-98 1. Sharon E Stammerjohn, Karen S Baker, and Raymond C Smith, "Sea ice indexes for Southern Ocean regional marine ecology studies," _S_I_O _R_e_f. _9_7-_0_1, University of California, San Diego, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, La Jolla, California, 1997. (80 pages). LTER Submitted Works 97-98 1. CM Lascara and EE Hofmann, "Modeling the growth dynamics of Antarctic krill (submitted)," Marine Ecology - Progress Series, 1997. Palmer LTER Contribution #xxx. 2. C. Carrillo and Dave M. Karl, "A seasonal model for the air-sea flux of carbon dioxide in antarctic coastal waters (submitted)," Journal of Geophysical Research, 1998. 3. Robin M Ross and Langdon B Quetin, "Interannual variation in reproduction in antarctic krill west of the Antarctic Peninsula (submitted)," Marine Biology, 1998. 4. Maria Vernet, Eugenia A Sar, James P Szyper, Martha E Ferrario, and David M Karl, "Species-specific phytoplankton sedimentation rates in Antarctic coastal waters (submitted)," Marine Ecology - Progress Series, 1998. Palmer LTER Contribution #xxx. 5. Heidi Dierssen, Maria Vernet, and Raymond C Smith, "Modeling photoadaptive variability and primary productivity in Antarctic coastal waters (submitted)," Antarctic Science, 1998. Palmer LTER Contribution #xxx. LTER Abstracts 97-98 1. BB Prezelin, C Mengelt, M Moline, and E Hofmann, Preliminary findings on the mesoscale relationship(s) between mixed layer depth, proxy measures of vertical nutrient flux and phytoplankton community composition in the Southern Ocean waters west of Palmer Peninsula, Antarctica, American Society of Limnology and Oceanography, 1997. ASLO, Aquatic Sciences Meeting, Santa Fe, New Mexico, 10-14 February. 2. JM Klinck, EE Hofmann, DA Smith, and CM Lascara, Hydrography, heat and salt budgets on the West Antarctic Peninsula Continental Shelf, 1997. Poster presented at the Gordon Research Conference on coastal ocean circulation, Colby-Smith College, NH, 15-20 June '97. 3. Robin M Ross and Langdon B Quetin, Palmer Long-Term ecological research: Interannual variation in recruitment processes in Antarctic krill in relation to seasonal sea ice dynamics, 1997. Poster presentation at the Gordon Research Conference on Sea Ice Ecology, in Ventura, California, 2-7 March. 4. MA Moline and BB Prezelin, Southern Ocean: fraction of total water column biomass and primary productivity within the upper optical attenuation length, 1997. ASLO, Aquatic Sciences Meeting, Santa Fe, New Mexico, 10-14 February. 5. Nina J Karnovsky, WR Fraser, Donna Patterson, and Wayne Trivelpiece, Where do adelie chicks go? 1997. Poster presentation at the Gordon Research Conference on Sea Ice Ecology, in Ventura, California, 2-7 March. 6. BB Prezelin, Regulation of daily biological oscillations in phytoplankton by environmental change, cell division cycles, and biological clocks, p. 274- 274, 1997. ASLO, February, Santa Fe, New Mexico, invited opening presentation, Special symposium on "Diel Cycles, Endogenous Rhythms, and Cell Cycles in Micro and Macro-Organisms". 7. DM Karl, T Houlihan, Raymond C Smith, and Sharon Stammerjohn, Seasonal and interannual variability in particulate matter export in the neritic ecosystem west of the Antarctic Peninsular: observations and mechanisms, 1997. Poster presentation at the Gordon Research Conference on Sea Ice Ecology, in Ventura, California, 2-7 March. 8. Raymond C Smith, Palmer Long-Term ecological research: Antarctic Marine Ecosystem, a sea ice dominated system, 1997. Poster presentation at the Gordon Research Conference on Sea Ice Ecology, in Ventura, California, 2-7 March. 9. Sharon Stammerjohn and Raymond C Smith, Palmer Long- Term ecological research: Sea ice indexes relevant to polar marine ecosystems, 1997. Poster presentation at the Gordon Research Conference on Sea Ice Ecology, in Ventura, California, 2-7 March. 10. Langdon B Quetin, Thomas K Frazer, Robin M Ross, and Raymond C Smith, Palmer Long-Term ecological research: Abundance and distribution of larval krill, euphausia superba, in relation to ice surface orientation and food quantity and quality, 1997. Poster presentation at the Gordon Research Conference on Sea Ice Ecology, in Ventura, California, 2-7 March. 11. M Vernet, Karen S Baker, H Dierssen, S Stammerjohn, and Raymond C Smith, Temporal and spatial variability of primary production in the western Antarctic Peninsula during 1994/1995 and 1995/1996 growth seasons, American Society of Limnology and Oceanography, 1997. ASLO, Aquatic Sciences Meeting, Santa Fe, New Mexico, 10-14 February. 12. Langdon B Quetin, Raymond C Smith, Karen Patterson, Robin M Ross, Carol Wyatt, and Holly Coe, Effects of ultraviolet radiation on the behavior of krill larvae (euphausia superba), American Society of Limnology and Oceanography, 1997. ASLO, Aquatic Sciences Meeting, Santa Fe, New Mexico, 10-14 February. 13. EE Hofmann and JM Klinck, Hydrographic variability of the waters overlying the West Antarctic Peninsula Continental Shelf, 1998. AGU/ASLO 1998 Ocean Sciences Meeting, 9-13 February, San Diego, CA. 14. MA Moline, H Claustre, TK Frazer, J Grzymski, KL Haberman, and O Schofield, Changes in phytoplankton assemblages in response to glacial melting along the Antarctic Peninsula: Alteration in the food web due to regional warming? 1998. AGU/ASLO 1998 Ocean Sciences Meeting, 9-13 February, San Diego, CA. 15. KL Haberman, RM Ross, and LB Quetin, "Selective grazing by the Antarctic krill, euphausia superba, in mixed phytoplankton assemblages," EOS, Transactions, 79(1):S23, 1998. AGU/ASLO 1998 Ocean Sciences Meeting, 9-13 February, San Diego, CA. 16. William R Fraser, Palmer LTER: Evidence supporting a landscape effect on the long-term population trends of adelie penguins, (SCAR Seventh International Biology Symposium), 1998. Sponsored by the Scientific Committee for Antarctic Research (SCAR), et al., New Zealand, 31 August - 4 September 1998. 17. Raymond C Smith, Sharon Stammerjohn, and Karen S Baker, Palmer LTER:climate variability in the Western Antarctic peninsula region, 1998. Presented at the Scientific Committee for Antarctic Research (SCAR), et al., Christchurch, New Zealand, 31 August - 4 September. 18. Raymond C. Smith, The Palmer LTER: 1991-1998, 1998. Workshop on Long Term Ecological Research (SCAR), at the Scientific Committee for Antarctic Research (SCAR), et al., Christchurch, New Zealand, 31 August - 4 September, moderated by Diana Wall, US. 19. Maria Vernet, Heidi Dierssen, Wendy Kozlowski, Karen S Baker, and Raymond C. Smith, "Palmer LTER: Primary production West of the Antarctic Peninsula for 1992- 1997 growth seasons," SCAR VII International Biology Symposium, p. xx, 1998. Sponsored by the Scientific Committee for Antarctic Research (SCAR), et al., New Zealand, 31 August - 4 September 1998. 20. Robin M. Ross, Langdon B Quetin, Karen S Baker, Raymond C Smith, and M Vernet, "Palmer LTER: interannual variability in growth rates of young Antarctic krill in relation to their food environment," SCAR VII International Biology Symposium, p. xx, 1998. Sponsored by the Scientific Committee for Antarctic Research (SCAR), et al., New Zealand, 31 August - 4 September 1998. 21. Langdon B Quetin, Raymond C Smith, Karen Patterson, Robin M Ross, Carol Wyatt-Evens, and Holly Coe, "Palmer LTER: effects of ultraviolet radiation on the behavior of krill larvae (euphausia superba)," SCAR VII International Biology Symposium, p. xx, 1998. Sponsored by the Scientific Committee for Antarctic Research (SCAR), et al., New Zealand, 31 August - 4 September 1998. LTER Talks 97-98 1. Robin R Ross, Antarctic Krill: Keystone species and fishery in the Southern Ocean, Santa Barbara, CA, 1997. Talk given at University of California, Santa Barbara for School of Environmental Science & Management, 7 July '97. 2. Robin M Ross and Langdon B Quetin, Family lecture program: The Arctic and the Antarctic, La Patera Elementary School, Santa Barbara, CA, 1997. 3. WR Fraser, Congressional testimony on global warming effects on Antarctic ecosystems, U.S. Global Change Research Program, Washington, DC, 1997. 4. David M Karl, The Southern Ocean Biological Pump, 1997. LTER Central Committee Meeting; Climate Variability & Ecological Response, October 1997, Santa Barbara, CA. 5. Robin M Ross, Antarctic Krill and Adelie Penguins: Temporal Variability in Food Resources, 1997. LTER Central Committee Meeting; Climate Variability & Ecological Response, October 1997, Santa Barbara, CA. 6. William R. Fraser, Upper Trophic Level Response to Climate Change in the Antarctic Peninsula, 1997. LTER Central Committee Meeting; Climate Variability & Ecological Response, October 1997, Santa Barbara, CA. 7. William R. Fraser, Apex Predator Responses To Long-Term Habitat Variability: Ecological and Evolutionary Perspectives, 1997. Paleo-history of the Palmer LTER Workshop, 20-23 August, Santa Barbara, CA. 8. Maria Vernet, Modern rates of primary productivity, 1997. Paleo-history of the Palmer LTER Workshop, 20-23 August, Santa Barbara, CA. 9. William R Fraser, Apex Predator Responses To Long-Term Habitat Variability: Review and Implications of Recent Findings, 1997. Paleo-history of the Palmer LTER Workshop, 20-23 August, Santa Barbara, CA. 10. Maria Vernet, Factors controlling primary production in the Southern Ocean, 1997. Paleo-history of the Palmer LTER Workshop, 20-23 August, Santa Barbara, CA. 11. William R Fraser, How Adelie penguins have impact for GLOBEC, Washington, D.C., 1997. GLOBEC Southern Ocean Conference, 30 September - 2 October. 12. Raymond C Smith, Palmer LTER, Long-Term Ecological Research in the Antarctic" 1997. Invited talk, Oregon State University, 21July. 13. Karen S Baker, Data Management Implementation at the Palmer LTER Site, 1997. Presented at the workshop Data and Information Management in the Ecological Sciences workshop, held at University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, 8-9 August. 14. Karen S Baker, Technological Underpinnings: Software, 1997. Presented at the workshop Data and Information Management in the Ecological Sciences workshop, held at University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, 8-9 August. 15. DL Henshaw, M Stubbs, Karen S Baker, B Benson, D Blodgett, and J Porter, The LTER Information Managers Climate Data Project (ClimDB), 1997. Presented at the workshop Data and Information Management in the Ecological Sciences, August 9th, Albuquerque, New Mexico. 16. Karen S Baker, The survey mechanism: the LTER annual software survey and a LTER web home page design element survey, 1997. LTER Information Management Meeting, 30 July - 02 August, Baltimore, Maryland. 17. Raymond C Smith, Climate records and Paleohistory of the Palmer LTER, 1997. Preliminary Archaeoclimatology Workshop, 17-20 August, Santa Barbara, CA. 18. Raymond C Smith, Archeoclimatology Workshop Report, 1997. LTER Central Committee Meeting, October 1997, Santa Barbara, CA. 19. Karen S Baker, The LTER Network Information System and the Climate Database, 1997. LTER Central Committee Meeting, October 1997, Santa Barbara, CA. 20. Raymond C Smith, Historical Climate Records from the Western Antarctic Peninsula, 1997. Paleo-history of the Palmer LTER Workshop, 20-23 August, Santa Barbara. 21. Raymond C Smith, Ecological Response to Climate Forcing, Antarctic, 1997. Paleo-history of the Palmer LTER Workshop, 20-23 August 1997, Santa Barbara, CA. 22. RM Ross, Informal presentation of various LTER sampling strategies, Washington, D.C., 1998. Participant of U.S. GLOBEC SCC Meeting, 16-17 April 1998 . 23. Karen Haberman, Feeding ecology of the Antarctic krill, Euphausia superba, 1998. June 2 Seminar at University of California, Santa Barbara. 24. Maria Vernet, LTER: Phytoplankton in Antarctic Coastal Waters, 1998. NSF Palmer LTER Program Review, 26 May, Washington, DC. 25. David M Karl, Carbon & Oxygen Dynamics: Microbial Loops & Biological Pumps, 1998. NSF Palmer LTER Program Review, 26 May, Washington, DC. 26. Langdon B. Quetin, Krill Recruitment & Sea Ice Dynamics, 1998. NSF Palmer LTER Program Review, 26 May, Washington, DC. 27. Robin M Ross, Tropodynamics within the Antarctic marine ecosystem: Antarctic krill and phytoplankton, 1998. NSF Palmer LTER Program Review, 26 May, Washington, DC. 28. William R. Fraser, Landscapes and Seascapes: Progress in Understanding the Factors Controlling the Population Dynamics of Adelie Penguins, 1998. NSF Palmer LTER Program Review, 26 May, Washington, DC. 29. Douglas G. Martinson, Physical Oceanography & Integrated Modeling: looking toward the future, 1998. NSF Palmer LTER Program Review, 26 May, Washington, DC. 30. William R Fraser, Penguins: is climate changing where the wild things are, Washington, D.C., 1998. EPA Workshop, 7 October. 31. Raymond C Smith, Palmer LTER Overview, 1998. JGOFS Southern Ocean Steering Committee meeting, held at Santa Barbara,CA. 32. Karen W Patterson, Spectral UV absorption by CDOM in the Santa Barbara Channe, 1998. UCSB Marine Science Seminar (class talk), May 12. 33. Raymond C Smith and Curtis D Mobley, Modeling coastal ocean optical properties for coupled circulation and ecosystem models, 1998. ONR presentation; 12 July, Washington, DC. 34. Chris Wasser and Karen S Baker, Knowledge management: LTER internal and meeting organization, 1998. LTER Information Management Meeting, 30 July - 02 August, Baltimore, Maryland. 35. Darrell Blodgett and Karen S Baker, SiteDB: a prototype site description database for LTER sites , 1998. LTER Information Management Meeting, 30 July - 02 August, Baltimore, Maryland. 36. Karen S Baker, The survey mechanism: the LTER annual software survey and a LTER web home page design element survey, 1998. LTER Information Management Meeting, 30 July - 02 August, Baltimore, Maryland. 37. Raymond C Smith, Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER) on the Antarctic Marine Ecosystem: An Ice-Dominated Environment, 1998. NSF Palmer LTER Program Review, 26 May, Washington, DC. 38. Karen S Baker, Information Management: Palmer Inreach & LTER Outreach, 1998. NSF Palmer LTER Program Review, 26 May, Washington, DC.