Subject: Palmer LTER progress report 9697
To: [email-masked],[email-masked]
Cc: [email-masked], ray

--------

July 1997
ANNUAL NSF GRANT PROGRESS REPORT

NSF Program:  Office of Polar Programs funded Palmer Long-Term
	      Ecological Research

NSF Award Number: OPP-96-32763

PI Name: Raymond C. Smith

Period Covered By This Report:  15DEC96 - 30SEP97

PI Organization: University of California, Santa Barbara

Date:  JULY 1997

PI Address: Raymond C. Smith, ICESS, 6th Floor, Ellison Hall, University
            of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106

    **** PLEASE SEE ATTACHED PROGRESS REPORT FOR ITEMS 1-2 ****
Check if Continued Funding is Requested Please include the following
information:

1. Brief summary of progress, including results obtained to date, and their
relationship to the general goals of the grant; SEE ATTACHMENT

2. A brief summary of work to be performed during the next year of support
if changed from the original proposal; an indication of any current problems
or favorable or unusual developments; and any other significant information
pertinent to the type of project supported by NSF or as specified by the
terms and conditions of the grant; SEE ATTACHEMENT

3. Statement of funds estimated to remain unobligated -if more than 20%- at
the end of the period for which NSF currently is providing support;

4. Proposed budget for the ensuing year in the NSF format, only if the
original award letter did not indicate specific incremental amounts or if
adjustments to a planned increment exceeding the greater of 10% or $10,000
are being requested;

5. Information about other current and pending research support of senior
personnel, if changed from the previous submission;

6. A statement describing any contribution of the project to the area of
education and human-resource development, if changed from any previous
submission; and

7. Updated information on animal care and use, Institutional Biohazard
Committee and Human Subject Certification, if changed substantially from
those originally proposed and approved.

I certify that to the best of my knowledge (1) the statements herein
(excluding scientific hypotheses and scientific opinions) are true and
complete, and (2) the text and graphics in this report as well as any
accompanying publications or other documents, unless otherwise indicated,
are the original work of the signatories or individuals working under their
supervision. I understand that the willful provision of false information or
concealing a material fact in this report or any other communication
submitted to NSF is a criminal offense (U.S. Code, Title 18, Section 1001.)

PI Signature:_____________________________________________

NSF Form 1328 (7/95)
**********************************************************************

1. Brief summary of progress & highlights of research accomplishments.

**Highlights
  The Palmer LTER sampling strategy combines seasonal time series data from 
the nearshore Palmer grid and seabird observations from nesting sites near 
Palmer Station with annual cruises which cover a regional grid along the 
western Antarctic Peninsula (WAP).  During USAP 9697 the PAL completed a 
sixth season at Palmer Station sampling from mid-November to late March as well 
as a fifth mesoscale summer time series research cruise PD97-01 from 11 January 
through 13 February. There was cruise participation by all field components in a 
cross-component survey of alongshore and on/offshore spatial variance of selected 
biological and physical parameters. The bottom-moored sediment trap was successfully 
recovered and reset near Victor Hugo Island providing an unprecedented continuous 
5-yr record of particle export. A January 1997 visit to the British Rothera Station 
provided an opportunity for demonstration of sampling techniques to personnel in 
their new nearshore sampling work program and was part of continued efforts to 
develop a memorandum of agreement for collaborative efforts between the 
Palmer LTER and the British Antarctic Survey. 
  Other group efforts during this period included publication of an Antarctic
Research Series book (Ross, Hofmann, Quetin, 1996) which includes eleven chapters
by Palmer LTER investigators. The book provides an important background for the 
on-going component and cross-component, process and synthesis work. Another 
funded supplemental group project is an effort aimed at improving our 
understanding of the paleohistory of the Western Antarctic Peninsula. The 
workshop planned for August 97 is mentioned below in the Network Activities 
section; complementary field sampling was carried out by S.Emslie during 
the 1996/1997 season.  The bibliography lists the LTER presentations made 
including those at the American Society of Limnology and Oceanography Meeting 
(Feb97), the Gordon Conference on Sea Ice Ecology (Mar97), and the Gordon
Research Conference on Coastal Ocean Circulation (Jun97) as well as the work 
of the nine Masters and PhD students in progress.

Data Information (K. Baker)
  The Palmer data policy was rewritten as requested by NSF/OPP for the Palmer 
renewal proposal.  Each component was assisted in meeting the data policy 
requirement of putting data online within two years of study completion.  
A concerted data effort resulted in a significant increase in the online
data sets along with the metadata documents which accompany the data sets.
Data is online at http://www.icess.ucsb.edu/cgi-bin/studycatalog.cgi. 
Hydrography data sets previously available within the two year timeframe to 
site PI's were placed in the public catalog. Productivity data for field seasons
1994/95, 1995/96 and 1996/97 were analyzed, quality controlled and transferred 
to the Palmer LTER database productivity files. Bird component additions 
included cruise census information as well as Palmer season adelie breeding, 
demography, foraging and telemetry data files.  Trawl catch, krill length 
frequency, and spawning frequency data were already in the data base but growth 
data was added after extensive re-analysis for qa/qc.
  On January 1996 a dynamic web catalog was implemented for presentation of 
online data sets using a non-interactive retrieval of documents performed by 
cgi script via www, gopher and ftp servers.  The catalog highlights study 
documentation, maps, and participants in addition to data sets. 
  The Palmer LTER home page on the www was modified to highlight 
selected topics.  Other work/improvements include:
(a) Weather data synthesized for a 22 year period (Baker et al, 1996).
Co-ordination was continued with ASA to investigate weather observations
and upgrade strategies for maintaining quality long-term met data;
(b) Selected field methods have been documented including the Bio-optical 
instrument profiler (Smith et al, 1996), the Palmer Station zodiac sampling
(Smith et al, 1996), and the season sampling routine (Smith et al, 1996);
(c) The site's data management history was documented in an EcoInforma97 
presentation (Baker, 1996); 
(d) Cruise and season reports have been given a co-ordinated format in 
the form of journal articles completed for the past (Vernet and Baker, 1996; 
Baker et al, 1996) and present (Ross and Baker,1997; Baker et al, 1997) seasons.

Remote Sensing (R. Smith)
  The remote sensing efforts continue to focus on sea ice and phytoplankton
biomass and productivity.  Investigations have a primary objective of understanding 
the physical & climatic controls on interannual sea ice variability and the effects 
of this variability (Palmer Group, 1996; Smith et al., 1995).  Passive microwave 
derived ice concentrations have been used to study the southern ocean in general and 
the WAP area in particular (Stammerjohn & Smith, 1996).  We have developed ice indexes 
(Smith, Baker & Stammerjohn, accepted) which quantitatively define the timing 
& magnitude of ice coverage & give a common context within which to interpret 
ecosystem studies (Ross and Quetin, 1996; Karl et al, 1996).
  Surface air temperature records from several WAP stations were examined
& compared with both the sea ice record & the Southern Oscillation Index
(SOI) (Smith, Stammerjohn & Baker, 1996).  The data show a significant warming 
trend in mid-winter temperatures, with an increase of 4-5 C over the past 
half-century (1944-1991).  We also show a statistically significant anticorrelation 
between air temperature & sea ice extent & a significant correlation between air 
temperature & the SOI.  Results support the hypothesis that not only do extreme 
SOI events affect WAP climate, but monthly SOI fluctuations may affectmonthly 
fluctuations in WAP air temperatures & sea ice extent as well.  Because sea 
ice-temperature-SOI relationships appear to be strongly linked in this region, 
the WAP is an ideal area to study ecological responses to climate variability.  
The strong increasing trends in total Southern Ocean annual & seasonal ice amount 
concurrent with decreasing trends in open water amount within the boundary of 
the ice edge have been detected & documented (Stammerjohn & Smith, accepted).  
  In anticipation of the use of SeaWiFS ocean color data (launch summer 1997),
important background data and testing of models continues (Smith, Dierssen & 
Vernet, 1996; Dierssen & Smith, 1997). An analysis of historical CZCS ocean 
color imagery (Smith, Baker, Byers & Stammerjohn, 1996) estimates
phytoplankton production for the Southern Ocean & the WAP region.  Work
with Radarsat continues (NAG5-4126).

Modeling (J. Klinck & E. Hofmann)
  A mixed layer-ice model, based on Mellor-Yamada level 2.5 turbulence closure
model and the Semtner thermodynamic ice model, is being used to diagnose
heat and salt fluxes for the west Antarctic Peninsula Shelf. The model is
forced by surface fluxes derived from ship and station observations. The
model currently runs for multiple years and develops ice and mixed layer
conditions like those observed. Further tuning and testing is necessary. 
This work is being done by David Smith, PhD student at ODU.
  ADCP observations were taken during the March-May, 1993 Palmer cruise. These
data are being analyzed for the structure of tidal, mixed layer and
sub-pycnocline flow. The files are just now being converted to a usable form.  
This work is being done by Chunyan Li (a postdoc at ODU; at no cost to the 
project) and by John Klinck at ODU.
  The hydrographic structure of the water over the west Antarctic Peninsula
continental shelf have been analyzed by the group at ODU. Results are
contained in several papers referenced below (Hofmann et al., 1996; Hofmann
and Klinck, in press a; Hofmann and Klinck, in press b; Smith et al.
in press; Klinck et al., 1997).
  Changes in hydrographic conditions for the four cruises between January 1993
and February 1994 have been analyzed (Klinck, accepted). The surface layer
exhibits the expected heat and salt changes based on surface exchange with
the atmosphere. The sub-pycnocline layers change based on exchange of water
across the shelf break. There is no seasonal signal in these sub-pycnocline
changes. One cause of this exchange is the meandering of the ACC along the
shelf break (Klinck, in press).
  A circulation model of the LTER shelf region is being developed with the
Harvard Ocean Prediction System. The previous model (Princeton Ocean Model)
had significant problems with steep bottom topography and had to be
scrapped. Work on this circulation model has been delayed due to the change
and due to work on the various descriptive papers given below.
  A model of krill growth and development model has been developed to address
questions of food limitation and over-wintering by krill of various sizes
(Lascara and Hofmann, submitted).

Microbiology and Carbon Flux Component (D. Karl)
  The microbiology and carbon flux subcomponent of the Palmer LTER measurements
collectively provide a description of the large scale movements of carbon, from
photosynthetic production to respiration and sediment burial.  The use of 
autonomous moorings allows us to record events year round and to examine the 
role of sea ice in export production processes.  A companion project (LTER 
Cross-site comparison:  Microbial loop dynamics and regulation of bacterial 
physiology in subtropical and polar marine habitats, DEB #9526986; D. Karl) 
is designed to examine more closely the role of the microbial food web in the 
Palmer LTER study area and to develop a physiologically based model of the 
interactions between bacterioplankton and the other microorganisms. 
  Field work has revealed several significant features:  (1) documentation of 
substantial depletions in the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2), 
especially in areas near Palmer Basin and in Marguerite Bay, 
that are associated with and indicative of hypereutrophic conditions and 
extensive net production of particulate organic matter, (2) confirmation of 
our previous report of an unusual temporal decoupling of photoautotrophic and 
chemoheterotrophic bacterial processes which sustains both the high net CO2 
depletions mentioned above, and a net accumulation of dissolved oxygen --
reasons for this decoupling are not known and (3) significant export of 
particulate matter from the euphotic zone, especially at the initiation of 
the spring bloom (Nov-Dec), as recorded by the bottom-moored sediment traps.
  This latter feature, strong seasonal phasing in particulate matter export, 
was fully anticipated as well as the large dynamic range in export from the 
phytoplankton bloom-supported peak export processes in summer to the low 
wintertime fluxes.  We did not realize, at the start of this project, that 
these values from the LTER study region would represent global maxima and 
minima, respectively.
  Two additional interesting and unexpected results of this initial data set 
are:  (1) the extremely low implied values for annual primary production 
based on the time-integrated particulate matter export and (2) the unusual, 
non-Redfield molar C:N:P stoichiometry of the summertime particulate matter 
export pulse.  The elemental composition of sinking particulate matter is 
seasonally-phased with higher C:N, N:P and C:P ratios in spring/summer 
compared to winter.  This implied, lower food quality of the elevated 
summertime export may be a result of a melt-out of detritus accumulated in 
the ice rather than a true reflection of the C:N:P composition of 
contemporaneous production.  This stoichiometric uncoupling sustains a 
positive, net export of carbon from the euphotic zone.
  It is important to distinguish between gross particulate carbon export 
(measured by sediment traps) and net carbon export (the difference between 
gross export and upward advection/diffusion of dissolved inorganic carbon, 
DIC).  A finite rate of export production is a necessary, but not sufficient, 
condition for a net flux of carbon out of the surface ocean.  If the elemental 
ratios (C:N:P) are the same in the upward inorganic flux and in the organic 
downward flux, there is no net export of carbon, and no potential for sequestration 
of carbon dioxide.  The distinct stoichiometric uncoupling of the particulate 
matter export each summer with much greater than Redfield (C:N and C:P) export 
is consistent with a net carbon export from the euphotic ZONE in the LTER study 
area and hence a net sequestration of atmospheric carbon dioxide.

Phytoplankton (M. Vernet)
  The timing and the magnitude of the phytoplankton blooms is a critical
feature of the Antarctic ecosystem yet poorly understood (Smith et al 1996).
The field sampling designed to address this question at Palmer Station
includes total particulate carbon, primary productivity experiments,
photosynthetic pigments, and determination of environmental variables
controlling primary production. The bloom development documented previously
(Smith,Baker,Vernet 1996), with a larger spring bloom and a smaller summer bloom 
continued, but in 1996/1997 the spring bloom occured early in the season 
(mid November/beginning of December). The second pulse occurred in January. 
The magnitude of the annual primary production was the lowest in the last 3 years. 
For 120 days of growth, and based on 100 days of sampling, it was estimated at 
about 140 g C m-2 a-1, compared with 176 g C m-2 a-1 in 1994/95 and 
236 g C m-2 a-1 in 1995/96. 
  Primary production over the continental shelf (the LTER grid) was
also the lowest in the last 3 years and followed phytoplankton biomass.
The only area of high biomass accumulation was at Maguerite Bay. The 
distribution of primary production showed the classical pattern of 
onshore-offshore gradient and a weaker north-south gradient, except 
for the inshore stations (Palmer Station, Lamaire and Grandidier Channels, 
Crystal Sound and Marguerite Bay) where the gradient was reversed.  
    There were several methodological developments with pigment and 
inorganic nutrient analysis. Experiments to improve methods were
carried out during the season.  The effect of freezing on the analysis 
of inorganic nutrients in seawater was investigated.  Samples from 
standards and seawater were analyzed fresh and after freezing and 
defrosting at different time intervals. All nutrients, in particular 
silicic acid, gave higher concentrations if analyzed fresh. A comparison 
was also carried out between nutrient analysis of fresh samples on board 
ship and analysis of frozen samples after transportation in dry ice at the 
Analytical Facility, Institute of Marine Sciences, University of California 
Santa Barbara. This work was part of the REU project by Ms.  Karie Sines from 
Florida State University. In addition, extensive analysis of the calibration 
for the HPLC system, in particular detection and analysis of interannual 
variability in the system, was accomplished at the beginning of the season.  
  The graduate student Christine Moraes, University of Tohoku, Japan, 
examined diurnal variability in primary productivity over the shelf sampling 
at several intervals in a 24 h incubation. In addition, the undergraduate 
student Danielle Harvey, from University of Southern California, obtained 
samples over the grid to determine fluorescence and absorption properties of 
individual particules. Analysis will focus on phycoerythrin fluorescence by 
cryptomonads as opposed to chlorophyll fluorescence by chromophytes.

Krill (R. Ross & L. Quetin)
  Data on reproductive stock and individual reproductive output of Antarctic 
krill from the first three summer cruises (93Jan, 94Jan, 95Jan) was compared 
to illustrate interannual variability in individual reproductive output.  
Females in 95Jan had twice the reproductive output as in either 93 or 94Jan.  
However, the variability in reproductive stock followed the opposite trend, 
with the high in 93Jan and the low in 95Jan.  The opposing patterns resulted 
in a population reproduction index that was not as variable as either 
individual reproductive output or reproductive stock.  The differences in 
individual reproductive output were correlated with the combination of two 
indicators of food availability in the spring & summer, spring ice extent & 
chlorophyll a concentrations in summer.  A manuscript has been submitted.
  Karen Haberman, a Ph.D. student at UCSB, completed the initial steps in
development of an immunochemical assay that will indicate whether Antarctic
krill have been ingesting the Prymnesiophyte, Phaeocystis antarctica.  This
assay is a significant step in our investigation of grazing selectivity in
Euphausia superba in the field.  Laboratory experiments with krill grazing on 
Phaeocystis antarctica are also complete.  Preliminary analysis of these
experiments suggests that clearance rates on Phaeocystis antarctica are lower 
than those on the diatom Thalassiosira, regardless of Phaeocystis size.
  Tracy Shaw, a M.S. student at UCSB, completed analysis of the reproductive 
maturity stage of female krill collected from selected stations across the 
Peninsula grid in 93Jan, 94Jan, 95Jan, and 96Jan.  Initial analysis shows that 
females in the early stages of the spawning cycle are concentrated in the 
middle and inner stations, with spawning females dominating the outer shelf 
and slope stations.  These patterns will be discussed in terms of krill 
behavior, relative productivity of the different regions, and spatial and 
temporal variability in spawning activity.

Sea Birds (W. Fraser)
   Field work continued to focus on the following Adelie Penguin core data.
where preliminary season results suggest: Adelie Penguin breeding population 
size, a measure of winter survival, decreased by 18.5% relative to the 1995 
season (4445 vs. 5457 pairs); per-pair breeding success decreased by 7.0% 
(1.47 vs. 1.58 chicks creched per pair); breeding chronology was unchanged 
relative fo last season; mean fledging weights increased by 3.0% (2.94 vs. 
3.04 kg); crustaceans were the principal dietary component, with the krill 
Euphausia superba comprising 97% of the diet by weight; foraging trip 
durations during the brood period were generally shorter relative to last 
season (14.03 vs. 29.64 hours).  Data related to annual recruitment and pelagic 
distribution have not been analyzed.
   The 18.5% decrease in breeding pairs agrees with the effects that a low ice 
year is expected to have on overwinter survival. The decrease in foraging trip 
durations also agrees with now well documented trends on the effects that sea 
ice has on krill recruitment and abundance. The decrease in breeding success of 
0.11 chicks per pair may in part reflect the effects of an unprecedented, heavy
infestation of ticks during the egg-laying period.  Preliminary evidence 
suggests this infestation forced some birds to abandon nest sites.  However, 
another factor affecting breeding success was snow deposition, which in 1996 
was relatively heavy during the spring. There is mounting evidence based on 
our studies that environmental variables such as snow deposition, among others, 
may be key determinants of at least some aspects of the annual variability 
observed in penguin demography. This suggests that some of the variance 
observed in our core data, for example, in per-pair breeding success, results 
from  variability in the terrestrial breeding environment. Indeed, we currently
suspect that habitat-specific demography may be a "real" feature in Adelie 
Penguin population dynamics. If true, these studies will provide a direct link 
between marine and terrestrial ecology, and particularly to some of the 
dynamics that are of interest to landscape ecologists.

**Brief summary of work to be performed during the next year of support.
  During USAP 9798 we plan to participate in two research cruises (98Jan and
98May) and the seasonal time series at Palmer Station. Efforts will
continue to streamline both operations. During 98May we plan to test a
hypothesis about the seasonal change in diel vertical migration behavior of
larval Antarctic krill and the onset of sea ice formation.

**Outreach
  Live From Antarctica (Oct 10, 1996 and 23, 30 January and  Feb 1997)
Deane Rink (field producer) and Brian Ingleman (camera man) from Live from
Antarctica 2, visited UCSB to do a video tape session and interview in
preparation for live broadcast from Palmer Station and R/V Polar Duke in
January 1997. Many PIs from the Palmer LTER participated in the live
broadcasts in late January and early February, two from the Antarctic
(Robin Ross and Bill Fraser) and three in middle school classrooms
stateside (Langdon Quetin, Ray Smith and Dave Karl). Several of the PIs
also participated extensively in the writing and editing of the information
and activities for the teachers' handbook for the series, and answered
email questions from students for several months after the broadcast.
  Jane Stevens, a journalist with the New York Times Science Hour came to
UCSB on April 7, 1997 to interview Robin Ross and Langdon Quetin about the
interaction between Antarctic krill and sea ice, and to video tape live
krill brought back from Antarctica by this research group. The video
segment will be part of hour long program on "Ice" broadcast in summer 1997.
  Congressional testimony on Global Warming Effects on Antarctic Ecosystems
was given in June 1997 by Bill Fraser.
  A talk by the each year's chief scientist has become traditional as an
outreach effort by the LTER to the staff at Palmer Station. Robin Ross
gave this year's presentation at Palmer Station at the beginning of
January 1997.  In addition, a series of eight separate talks were given at 
elementary schools in Santa Barbara, San Diego and Poway as well as to 
SD Girl Scout Groups by Palmer LTER personnel focusing on Antarctic work.  

**LTER Cross Site and Network Level Activities
  Ray Smith, as lead Palmer PI and a member of the LTER Executive Committee,
attends all the LTER coordinating Committee and Executive Meetings. Maria
Vernet participated in the LTER BioDiversity Workshop at NCEAS in 1996 
presenting an analysis of relationship between productivity and diversity using 
experimental results.  Contribution to the LTER climate report was made and 
work continues from within the data managements components.

  The yearly fall LTER Coordinating Committee Meeting, 26-27 October, will be 
held in Santa Barbara this year with the sub theme of "Climate Change and 
Ecological Response". Based upon previous interest in this theme throughout 
the Network, we expect that this CC meeting may lead to a subsequent workshop 
followed by an overview article and the opportunity to develop a volume in the 
Network Synthesis LTER series. The topic chosen for the meeting hosted at UCSB 
relates closely to ongoing Palmer work and also provides an opportunity to 
participate in cross-site collaborative efforts.  The meeting with an 
oceanographic field trip planned provides an opportunity to present our site's 
work to the LTER groups.
  There are several meetings and workshops this year co-ordinated by the
Palmer LTER and to be held in Santa Barbara.  An archaeoclimatology group 
meeting, 17-20 August 1997, will use of site-specific meteorological data for 
input to an archaeoclimatology model (AM) and comparison of results with 
paleo-records. Discussions will include alternative models of climate 
reconstruction and how the LTER's might test such models.
  A paleohistory Workshop, 20-23 August 1997 was funded as a Network
supplement. Objectives include review & evaluation of the late Quaternary 
climate history of the WAP, presentation & evaluation of the most recent paleo 
data, presentation of results of penguin rookerie excavations, review of 
historical meteorological, sea ice & sediment trap records, and evaluation 
of these paleoecological records in the context of various hypothesis on 
climate variability and ecosystem responses to this variability. 
  The Palmer LTER data manager continued as an active member in Network
activities as a member of the LTER Data Manager DataTask Group as well as 
by attending the yearly data manager meeting at Archbold Biological Station.  
Updates were made to the yearly Site Capability Survey and contributions made 
to the year's data manager report. As a member of the Data Management Climate 
Committee, Palmer is participating in an effort to create a prototype to 
harvest site climate data as groundwork for a broader effort planned for the 
fall which co-ordinates with LTER meteorologists and ecologists. The LTER data 
managers co-ordinated a strong showing at the EcoInforma97 Symposium including 
a summary of network software use (Porter, Nottrott and Baker, 1996). 
  As part of the Antarctic community Palmer LTER scientists participate
on the McMurdo Area User's Committee Meeting, the Antarctic Research 
Vessel Committee, the Palmer Area User's Committee Meeting, the 
McMurdo Science On-Line Antarctica (SOLA) Planning Workshop as well
as activities associated with CCAMLR, International Southern Ocean Globec, 
the Joint Global Ocean Flux Committee, and the Gordon Conferences on ice.

2. A brief summary of work to be performed during the next year of support
if changed from the original proposal; an indication of any current problems
or favorable or unusual developments; and any other significant information
pertinent to the type of project supported by NSF or as specified by the
terms and conditions of the grant;
(a) As of early 1996 Dr. Wayne Trivelpiece was no longer part of the
renewal effort as is reflected in the revised budget and addendum for 
the proposal renewal. He was given $40K supplement for the fiscal year 
Oct96-Sep97 to finish work in progress.
(b) The shifting of resources to meet the 2 year data policy requirement
impacted publication efforts.
(c) The Palmer field station effort has been limited to 6 personnel on 
station during the season which brought about a modification of the field
program during the 95/96 season and will bring further reductions in the
number and frequency of measurements for the 96/97 season.
(d) Plans include shifting process study efforts from the January97 cruise
to the planned May/Jun cruise in order to be able to focus investigation
during a critical ice time frame.

*******************************************************************
              LTER BIBLIOGRAPHY LIST

              LTER Journal Articles

BOUCHER, N. P., AND B. B. PREZELIN. 1996. Spectral  modeling
     of  UV  inhibition of in situ Antarctic primary produc-
     tion using a field derived biological  weighting  func-
     tion.  Journal  of  Photochemistry  and Photobiology B:
     Biology  64(3):407-418.

FRASER, W. R., AND D. L. PATTERSON. 1996 . Human disturbance
     and  long-term changes in Adelie penguin populations: A
     natural experiment at Palmer Station, Antarctic  Penin-
     sula. p. xx-xx. In B. BATTAGLIA, J. VALENCIA, and D. W.
     H.  WALTON  [eds.],  Antarctic  Communities:   Species,
     Structure  and  Survival.  Cambridge  University Press.
     Proceedings of the VI SCAR Biology Symposium.

FRAZER, T. K. 1996. Stable isotope  composition  (delta-C-13
     and delta-N-15) of larval krill, Euphausia superba, and
     two of its potential food sources in winter. Journal of
     Plankton Research 18(8):1413-1426.

FRAZER, T. K., L. B. QUETIN, AND R. M. ROSS. 1997. Abundance
     and  distribution  of  larval krill, Euphausia superba,
     associated with annual sea ice in winter.  p.  107-111.
     In  B.  BATTAGLIA,  J.  VALENCIA,  and  D. W. H. WALTON
     [eds.], Antarctic Communities: Species,  Structure  and
     Survival.  Cambridge  University  Press. Proceedings of
     the VI SCOR:SCAR Biology Symposium, Venice, May '94.

KLINCK, J. M. 1997. Heat and salt changes on the continental
     shelf  west  of the Antarctic Peninsula between January
     1993 and 1994 (accepted pending revisions).  p.  xx-xx.
     Journal of Geophysical Research.

LETELIER, R. M., M. R. ABBOTT, AND D. M. KARL. 1997. Chloro-
     phyll natural fluorescence response to upwelling events
     in the Southern  Ocean.  Geophysical  Research  Letters
     24(4):409-412.

MOLINE, M. A., AND B. B. PREZELIN. 1996. Palmer  LTER  1991-
     1994:   Long-term  monitoring  and analyses of physical
     factors regulating  variability  in  coastal  Antarctic
     phytoplankton  biomass,  in situ productivity and taxo-
     nomic  composition  over  subseasonal,   seasonal   and
     interannual  time scales phytoplankton dynamics. Marine
     Ecology - Progress Series 145(1-3):143-160.

MOLINE, M. A., AND B.  B.  PREZELIN.  1997.  High-resolution
     time-series  data  for  '91/'92  primary production and
     related parameters  at  a  Palmer  LTER  coastal  site:
     implications   for  modeling  carbon  fixation  in  the
     Souther Ocean. Polar Biology 17:39-53.

MOYER, C. L., J. M. TIEDJE, F. C. DOBBS,  AND  D.  M.  KARL.
     1996.  A computer-simulated restriction fragment length
     polymorphism analysis of bacterial  small-subunit  rRNA
     genes:  Efficacy  of  selected  tetrameric  restriction
     enzymes for studies of microbial diversity  in  nature.
     Applied and Environmental Microbiology 62(7):2501-2507.

ROSS, R. M.,  L.  B.  QUETIN,  AND  K.  L.  HABERMAN.  1997.
     Interannual  and  seasonal  variability  in  short-term
     grazing impact of Euphausia superba  in  nearshore  and
     offshore   waters   west  of  the  Antarctic  Peninsula
     (accepted). Journal of Marine Systems.

SMITH, R. C., D. MENZIES, AND C.  R.  BOOTH.  1996.  Oceano-
     graphic   bio-optical  profiling  system  II  .  SPIE13
     2963:777-789. 22-25 October 1996, Halifax, Nova Scotia,
     Canada.

SMITH, R. C., K. S. BAKER,  AND  S.  E.  STAMMERJOHN.  1997.
     Exploring  sea  ice indexes relevant to polar ecosystem
     studies (accepted). BioScience.

SMITH, R. C., K. S. BAKER, AND M. VERNET. 1997. Seasonal and
     interannual  variability  of phytoplankton biomass west
     of  the  Antarctic  Peninsula  (accepted).  Journal  of
     Marine Systems.

SMITH, R. C., K. S. BAKER, M. L. BYERS, AND S.  E.  STAMMER-
     JOHN.  1997.  Primary  Productivity  of the Palmer Long
     Term Ecological Research Area and  the  Southern  Ocean
     (accepted). Journal of Marine Systems.

SMITH, D. A., E. E.  HOFMANN,  C.  M.  LASCARA,  AND  J.  M.
     KLINCK.  1997.  Hydrography and circulation of the west
     Antarctic  Peninsula  continental  shelf  (in   press).
     Deep-Sea Research xx:xx-xx.

STAMMERJOHN, S. E., AND R. C. SMITH. 1997. Opposing southern
     ocean climate regimes as revealed by trends in regional
     sea ice coverage (in press). Climate Change.

                      LTER Books

FRASER, W., AND W. TRIVELPIECE.  1996.  Factors  controlling
     the  distribution  of  seabirds: winter-summer  hetero-
     geneity in the distribution of Adelie  penguin  popula-
     tions  .  p. 257-272. In R. M. ROSS, E. E. HOFMANN, and
     L.  B.  QUETIN  [eds.],  Foundations   for   Ecological
     Research West of the Antarctic Peninsula. AGU Antarctic
     Research Series, Vol. 70.

HOFMANN, E. E., AND C. M. LASCARA. 1996. A review of predic-
     tive  modeling for coastal marine ecosystem (in press).
     In C. N. K. MOOERS [ed.], Coastal Ocean Prediction. CRC
     Press.

HOFMANN, E. E., J. M. KLINCK, C. M. LASCARA, AND  D.  SMITH.
     1996  . Water mass distribution and circulation West of
     the  Antarctic   Peninsula  and  including   Bransfield
     Strait.  p. 61-80. In R. M. ROSS, E. E. HOFMANN, and L.
     B. QUETIN [eds.], Foundations for  Ecological  Research
     West of the Antarctic Peninsula. AGU Antarctic Research
     Series, Vol. 70.

HOFMANN, E. E., AND J. M. KLINCK. 1997. Hydrography and cir-
     culation  of  Antarctic continental shelves: 150E east-
     ward to the Greenwich Meridian (in  press).  In  A.  R.
     ROBINSON,  and  K. H. BRINK [eds.], The Sea, The Global
     Coastal Ocean, Regional Studies and Synthesis. Vol. 11.

HOFMANN, E. E., AND J. M. KLINCK. 1997. Seasonal variability
     of  the hydrography and circulation of the west Antarc-
     tic Peninsula continental shelf (in press).  p.  xx-xx.
     In  S.  S.  JACOBS  [ed.],  Antarctic Continental Shelf
     Oceanography. Vol. xx. AGU Antarctic Research Series.

KARL, D., J. R. CHRISTIAN, J. E. DORE, AND R.  M.  LETELIER.
     1996.  Microbiological  oceanography in the region west
     of the Antarctic  Peninsula: Microbial dynamics, nitro-
     gen  cycle  and carbon flux. p. 303-332. In R. M. ROSS,
     E. E. HOFMANN, and L. B. QUETIN [eds.], Foundations for
     Ecological  Research  West  of the Antarctic Peninsula.
     AGU Antarctic Research Series, Vol. 70.

KARL, D. M., AND F. C. DOBBS. 1997. Molecular approaches  to
     microbial  biomass estimation in the sea (in press). In
     K. E. COOKSEY [ed.], Molecular Approaches to the  Study
     of the Ocean.

KARL, D. M. 1997. Oceanic carbon cycle and  global  environ-
     mental   change:   A  microbiological  perspective  (in
     press). In M.  T.  MARTINS  [ed.],  Global  Aspects  of
     Microbial Ecology.

QUETIN, L. B., R. M. ROSS, T. K. FRAZER, AND K. L. HABERMAN.
     1996.  Factors  affecting distribution and abundance of
     zooplankton,  with  an  emphasis  on  Antarctic  krill,
     Euphausia  superba.  p.  357-371.  In R. M. ROSS, E. E.
     HOFMANN, and L. B. QUETIN [eds.], Foundations for  Eco-
     logical  Research  West of the Antarctic Peninsula. AGU
     Antarctic Research Series, Vol. 70.

ROSS, R. M., L. B. QUETIN, AND C. LASCARA.  1996.  Distribu-
     tion  of  Antarctic krill and dominant zooplankton west
     of  the Antarctic Peninsula. p. 199-217. In R. M. ROSS,
     E. E. HOFMANN, and L. B. QUETIN [eds.], Foundations for
     Ecological Research West of  the  Antarctic  Peninsula.
     AGU Antarctic Research Series, Vol. 70.

SMITH, R. C., S. STAMMERJOHN, AND K. S. BAKER. 1996. Surface
     air  temperature  variations  in  the western Antarctic
     peninsula region. p. 105-121. In R. M. ROSS, E. E. HOF-
     MANN, and L. B. QUETIN [eds.], Foundations for Ecologi-
     cal Research  West  of  the  Antarctic  Peninsula.  AGU
     Antarctic Research Series, Vol. 70.

SMITH, R. C., H. DIERSSEN, AND M. VERNET. 1996.  Phytoplank-
     ton biomass and productivity to the west of the Antarc-
     tic  peninsula. p. 333-356. In R. M. ROSS, E.  E.  HOF-
     MANN, and L. B. QUETIN [eds.], Foundations for Ecologi-
     cal Research  West  of  the  Antarctic  Peninsula.  AGU
     Antarctic Research Series, Vol. 70.

STAMMERJOHN, S., AND R. C. SMITH. 1996. Spatial and temporal
     variability  of  western  Antarctic   peninsula sea ice
     coverage . p. 81-104. In R. M. ROSS, E. E. HOFMANN, and
     L.   B.   QUETIN  [eds.],  Foundations  for  Ecological
     Research West of the Antarctic Peninsula. AGU Antarctic
     Research Series, Vol. 70.

THE PALMER LTER GROUP 1996. The Western Antarctic  Peninsula
     Region:   Summary   of   Environmental  and  Ecological
     Processes. p. 437-448. In R. M. ROSS,  E.  E.  HOFMANN,
     and  L.  B.  QUETIN  [eds.], Foundations for Ecological
     Research West of the Antarctic Peninsula. AGU Antarctic
     Research Series, Vol. 70.

TRIVELPIECE, W., AND W. FRASER. 1996. The  breeding  biology
     and  distribution  of  Adelie penguins:  adaptations to
     environmental variability. p. 273-285. In R.  M.  ROSS,
     E. E. HOFMANN, and L. B. QUETIN [eds.], Foundations for
     Ecological Research West of  the  Antarctic  Peninsula.
     AGU Antarctic Research Series, Vol. 70.

                      LTER Thesis

LASCARA, C. 1996. Seasonal and mesoscale variability in  the
     distribution  of  Antarctic  krill,  Euphausia superba,
     west of the  Antarctic  Peninsula.  Ph.D.  Thesis,  Old
     Dominion  University,  Norfolk, Virginia. 167 p. Palmer
     LTER Contribution #118.

MOLINE, M. 1996. Temporal dynamics and regulation of coastal
     Antarctic   phytoplankton   communities:  Spring/Summer
     1991-1994. PhD Thesis, University of California,  Santa
     Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA . 356 p.

                    LTER Non-refereed Articles

BAKER, K. S. 1996. Development of Palmer Long-Term  Ecologi-
     cal   Research   Information  Management.  p.  725-730.
     Proceedings of Eco-Informa  Workshop,  Global  Networks
     for  Environmental Information, 4-7 November 1996, Lake
     Buena Vista, FL. Vol. 11. Environmental Research Insti-
     tute of Michigan (ERIM), Ann Arbor, MI.

BAKER, K. S. 1996. Palmer LTER: Palmer station air  tempera-
     ture  1974 to 1996 (accepted). Antarctic Journal of the
     United States.

BAKER, K. S., W. A. KOZLOWSKI, M. VERNET, J. L. JONES, L. B.
     QUETIN,  R.  M.  ROSS,  R.  C. SMITH, AND W. R. FRASER.
     1996. Palmer LTER:  Annual  season  October  1995-March
     1996   (accepted).  Antarctic  Journal  of  the  United
     States.

DIERSSEN, H. M., AND R. C. SMITH. 1996. Estimation of  irra-
     diance  just  below  the  air-water  interface.  SPIE13
     2963:204-209. 22-25 October 1996, Halifax, Nova Scotia,
     Canada.

HOFMANN, E. E., C. M. LASCARA,  J.  M.  KLINCK,  AND  D.  A.
     SMITH.  1996.  Palmer  LTER: Interannual variability in
     near-surface hydrography (accepted). Antarctic  Journal
     of the United States.

KLINCK, J. M., AND D. A.  SMITH.  1996.  Palmer  LTER:  Com-
     parison  of  meteorological  observations from R/V N.B.
     Palmer to those at Palmer station (accepted). Antarctic
     Journal of the United States.

KLINCK, J. M. 1996. Palmer LTER: Temporal variability in the
     location  of the ACC along the west Antarctic Peninsula
     continental shelf (accepted). Antarctic Journal of  the
     United States.

LASCARA, C. M. 1996. Palmer LTER:  Seasonal  comparisons  of
     spatially-averaged   estimates   of   krill   abundance
     (accepted). Antarctic Journal of the United States.

MOLINE, M. A., B. B. PREZELIN, AND H. CLAUSTRE. 1996. Palmer
     LTER:  Light-saturated  primary production in Antarctic
     coastal waters (accepted).  Antarctic  Journal  of  the
     United States.

PATTERSON, K., P. L. HANDLEY, AND R. C. SMITH. 1996.  Palmer
     LTER:  Open  water PUV albedo measurements (submitted).
     Antarctic Journal of the United States.

PORTER, J. H., R. W. NOTTROTT, AND K. S. BAKER. 1996.  Tools
     for  managing ecological data. p. 87-92. Proceedings of
     the Eco-Informa Workshop, Global Networks for  Environ-
     mental Information, 4-7 November '96, Lake Buena Vista,
     FL. Vol. 10. Environmental Research Institute of Michi-
     gan (ERIM), Ann Arbor, MI.

SMITH, R. C., L. B. QUETIN, J. L. JONES, D. M. MENZIES,  AND
     T.  NEWBERGER. 1996. Palmer LTER: Small boat design for
     water column sampling (accepted). Antarctic Journal  of
     the United States.

SMITH, R. C., J. L. JONES, L. B. QUETIN, R. M. ROSS,  K.  S.
     BAKER,  W.  A.  KOZLOWSKI, M. VERNET, AND W. R. FRASER.
     1996. Palmer LTER: Annual season  sampling  on  station
     (accepted). Antarctic Journal of the United States.

VERNET, M., W. KOZLOWSKI, J.  ROSENFIELD,  AND  A.  GREAVES.
     1996. Palmer LTER: Temporal variability in primary pro-
     duction in Arthur Harbor during  the  1995/1996  growth
     season  (accepted).  Antarctic  Journal  of  the United
     States.

VERNET, M., AND K. S. BAKER. 1996. Palmer LTER: Annual Janu-
     ary  Cruise  for  1996  (PD96-1)  (accepted). Antarctic
     Journal of the United States.

                       LTER  Submitted

CARRILLO, C., AND D. M. KARL. 1997. A seasonal model for the
     air-sea  flux  of  carbon  dioxide in antarctic coastal
     waters (submitted). Journal of Geophysical Research.

CHRISTIAN, J. R., AND D.  M.  KARL.  1996.  Specificity  and
     regulation of Antarctic bacterioplankton aminopeptidase
     (submitted). Applied and Environmental Microbiology.

CHRISTIAN, J. R., AND D. M. KARL.  1997.  Ectoaminopeptidase
     specificity  and regulation in Antarctic pelagic micro-
     bial communities (submitted). Aquatic  Microbial  Ecol-
     ogy.

CLAUSTRE, H., M.  A.  MOLINE,  AND  B.  B.  PREZELIN.  1996.
     Sources  of  Variability in the Light Utilization Index
     for Antarctic Coastal Waters  (submitted).  Journal  of
     Geophysical Research x:xx-xx.

FRASER, W. R. 1996. Kelp Gull use of  the  Antarctic  Limpet
     Nacella  concinna,  I:  Foraging behaviour (submitted).
     Journal of Animal Ecology.

FRASER, W. R., D. G. AINLEY, M. CULVER, AND D. L. PATTERSON.
     1996. Breeding population trends in Blue-eyed Shags and
     Adelie Penguins before and after the Bahia Paraiso  oil
     spill (submitted). Marine Pollution Bulletin.

FRASER, W. R., AND D. L. PATTERSON.  1996.  The  effects  of
     environmental  variability  on the relationship between
     fledging weight  and  recruitment  in  Adelie  Penguins
     (submitted). Polar Biology.

LASCARA, C. M., AND E. E. HOFMANN. 1997. Modeling the growth
     dynamics of Antarctic krill (submitted). Marine Ecology
     - Progress Series.

LASCARA, C. M., E. E. HOFMANN, R. M. ROSS, AND L. B. QUETIN.
     1997.  Seasonal  variability  in  the  distribution  of
     Antarctic krill, Euphausia superba, west of the Antarc-
     tic Peninsula (submitted). Deep-Sea Research.

LOEB, V., V. SIEGEL, O. HOLM-HANSEN, R. HEWITT,  W.  FRASER,
     W.  TRIVELPIECE, AND S. TRIVELPIECE. 1996. Large varia-
     bility in krill and salp  dominance  in  the  Antarctic
     marine  ecosystem:  Implications  for  the  food  web .
     Nature. (submitted).

PATTERSON, D. L., E. J.  HOLM,  K.  M.  CARNEY,  AND  W.  R.
     FRASER.  1996.  Human disturbance and tourism at Palmer
     Station: preliminary  findings  (submitted).  Antarctic
     Journal of the United States.

ROSS, R. M., AND L. B. QUETIN. 1997.  Interannual  variation
     in   reproduction   in  antarctic  krill  west  of  the
     Antarctic Peninsula (submitted). Marine Biology.

SCHOFIELD, O., M. MOLINE, AND B. B. PREZELIN.  1996.  Varia-
     bility of the maximum quantum yield for carbon fixation
     in Antarctic coastal waters (submitted). Limnology  and
     Oceanography.

TRIVELPIECE, W., S. TRIVELPIECE, V.  LOEB,  AND  V.  SIEGEL.
     1996.  Impacts  of  global  warming on krill and Adelie
     penguin populations in the Antarctic marine ecosystem .
     Nature. (submitted).

VERNET, M., AND P. MATRAI. 1996. Production  of  particulate
     and extracellular carbon at the ice edge in the Barents
     Sea . Journal of Geophysical Research. submitted.

                     LTER In Preparation

BAKER, K. S., W. A. KOZLOWSKI, AND M. VERNET.  1997.  Palmer
     LTER:  Annual  season  October 1995-March 1996 (inprep).
     Antarctic Journal of the United States.

CARLSON, J. Long-term trends in Adelie Penguin popula-
     tions  in  the  vicinity  of  Palmer Station, Antarctic
     Peninsula: The effects of variability in  the  breeding
     habitat   (in  progress).  PhD  Thesis,  Montana  State
     University, Bozman, MN. xx p.

DIERSSEN, H. Remote sensing of pigment  concentrations
     and  primary  productivity in the West Antarctic Penin-
     sula region (in progress). PhD  Thesis,  University  of
     California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA. xx p.

FRASER, W. R., AND ETAL. 1997. The  1996-1997  AMLR  report.
     (in preparation).

HABERMAN, K. Grazing by the Antarctic krill, Euphausia
     superba:   Effects of phytoplankton type & food quality
     on ingestion, assimilation and growth of krill (in pro-
     gress).  PhD  Thesis,  University  of California, Santa
     Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA. xx p.

HANDLEY, P. Annual and seasonal variability in hydrog-
     raphy  nearshore  Palmer  Station,  Antarctica (in pro-
     gress). Master Thesis. Univ. of Calif., Santa  Barbara,
     Santa Barbara, CA.. xx p.

KARNOVSKY, N. The fish component of Pygoscelid penguin
     diets: Implications for Resource Partitioning & ecosys-
     tem monitoring. PhD Thesis, Montana  State  University,
     Bozman, MN. xx p.

MADER, T. The impacts of  Leopard  Seal  predation  on
     Pygoscelid   penguins.  Master  thesis.  Montana  State
     University, Bozman, MN. xx p.

PATTERSON, D. The effects of  human  activity  on  the
     biology  of  the  Adelie  penguin  on Torgersen Island,
     Antarctic  Peninsula.  Master  thesis.  Montana   State
     University, Bozman, MN. xx p.

ROSS, R., AND K. S. BAKER. 1997. Palmer LTER: Annual January
     Cruise  for   1997  (PD97-1)  (inprep).    Antarctic
     Journal of the United States.

SHAW, C. Interannual variations in the  ovarian  cycle
     of  Euphausia  superba  west of the Antarctic Peninsula
     (in progress). PhD Thesis,  University  of  California,
     Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA. xx p.

SMITH, D. Hydrography  and  circulation  on  the  West
     Antarctic Peninsula region (in progress). Ph.D. Thesis,
     Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia. xx p.

                    LTER Reports

SMITH, R. C., AND K. S. BAKER. 1996. The climate  of  Palmer
     Station,  Antarctica  (LTER  REPORT).  In  D. GREENLAND
     [ed.],  The  climates  of  the   Long-Term   Ecological
     Research Sites.

                    LTER Abstracts

BAKER, K. S. 1996. Development of Palmer Long-Term  Ecologi-
     cal   Research   Information  Management.  p.  725-730.
     Proceedings of Eco-Informa  Workshop,  Global  Networks
     for  Environmental Information, 4-7 November 1996, Lake
     Buena Vista, FL. Vol. 11. Environmental Research Insti-
     tute of Michigan (ERIM), Ann Arbor, MI.

DIERSSEN, H. M., AND R. C. SMITH. 1996. Estimation of  irra-
     diance  just  below  the  air-water  interface.  SPIE13
     2963:204-209. 22-25 October 1996, Halifax, Nova Scotia,
     Canada.

DIERSSEN, H. M., AND R. C. SMITH. 1996. Modeling  of  light-
     saturated  photosynthesis  in Antarctic coastal waters.
     EOS 76(3):.  Ocean  Sciences  Meeting  12-16Feb96,  San
     Diego, Poster.

KARL, D. M., T. HOULIHAN, R. C. SMITH, AND  S.  STAMMERJOHN.
     1997.  Seasonal and interannual variability in particu-
     late matter export in the neritic ecosystem west of the
     Antarctic   Peninsular:  observations  and  mechanisms.
     Poster presentation at the Gordon  Research  Conference
     on Sea Ice Ecology, in Ventura, California, 2-7 March.

KARNOVSKY, N. J., W. R. FRASER, D. PATTERSON, AND W. TRIVEL-
     PIECE. 1997. Where do adelie chicks go?. Poster presen-
     tation at the Gordon Research  Conference  on  Sea  Ice
     Ecology, in Ventura, California, 2-7 March.

KLINCK, J. M., E. E. HOFMANN, D. A. SMITH, AND  C.  M.  LAS-
     CARA.  1997.  Hydrography, heat and salt budgets on the
     West  Antarctic  Peninsula  Continental  Shelf.  Poster
     presented  at the Gordon Research Conference on coastal
     ocean circulation, Colby-Smith College, NH, 15-20  June
     '97.

MOLINE, M. A., AND B. B.  PREZELIN.  1997.  Southern  Ocean:
     fraction of total water column biomass and primary pro-
     ductivity within the upper optical attenuation  length.
     ASLO,  Aquatic  Sciences Meeting, Santa Fe, New Mexico,
     10-14 February.

PORTER, J. H., R. W. NOTTROTT, AND K. S. BAKER. 1996.  Tools
     for  managing ecological data. p. 87-92. Proceedings of
     the Eco-Informa Workshop, Global Networks for  Environ-
     mental Information, 4-7 November '96, Lake Buena Vista,
     FL. Vol. 10. Environmental Research Institute of Michi-
     gan (ERIM), Ann Arbor, MI.

PREZELIN, B. B., C. MENGELT,  M.  MOLINE,  AND  E.  HOFMANN.
     1997.    Preliminary    findings   on   the   mesoscale
     relationship(s) between mixed layer depth, proxy  meas-
     ures  of  vertical nutrient flux and phytoplankton com-
     munity composition in the Southern Ocean waters west of
     Palmer  Peninsula, Antarctica. American Society of Lim-
     nology and Oceanography. ASLO, Aquatic  Sciences  Meet-
     ing, Santa Fe, New Mexico, 10-14 February.

QUETIN, L. B., T. K. FRAZER, R. M. ROSS, AND  R.  C.  SMITH.
     1997.  Palmer  Long-Term ecological research: Abundance
     and distribution of larval krill, euphausia superba, in
     relation  to  ice surface orientation and food quantity
     and quality. Poster presentation at the Gordon Research
     Conference  on Sea Ice Ecology, in Ventura, California,
     2-7 March.

QUETIN, L. B., R. M. ROSS, AND  H.  COE.  1997.  Effects  of
     ultraviolet  radiation  on the behavior of krill larvae
     (euphausia superba). American Society of Limnology  and
     Oceanography. ASLO, Aquatic Sciences Meeting, Santa Fe,
     New Mexico, 10-14 February.

ROSS, R. M., AND L. B. QUETIN. 1997. Palmer  Long-Term  eco-
     logical  research: Interannual variation in recruitment
     processes in Antarctic krill in  relation  to  seasonal
     sea  ice  dynamics.  Poster  presentation at the Gordon
     Research Conference on Sea Ice  Ecology,   in  Ventura,
     California, 2-7 March.

SCHOFIELD, O., M. A. MOLINE, AND B. B. PREZELIN. 1996. Vari-
     ability   in  the  quantum  yields  for  photosynthetic
     activity in coastal  Antarctic phytoplankton and impact
     on  bio-optical  productivity  models.  Ocean  Sciences
     Meeting 12-16Feb96, San Diego.

SMITH, D. A., E. E. HOFMANN, J. M. KLINCK,  C.  M.  LASCARA,
     AND  R.  C.  SMITH.  1996. Palmer LTER: Distribution of
     circumpolar deep water west of the Antarctic Peninsula.
     EOS  76(3):.  Ocean  Sciences  Meeting  12-16Feb96, San
     Diego, Poster.

SMITH, R. C. 1996. Seasonal and interannual  variability  of
     phytoplankton  biomass  and  primary production west of
     the Antarctic peninsula.  EOS  76(3):.  Ocean  Sciences
     Meeting 12-16Feb96, San Diego, Oral Presentation.

SMITH, R. C. 1997.  Palmer  Long-Term  ecological  research:
     Antarctic Marine Ecosystem, a sea ice dominated system.
     Poster presentation at the Gordon  Research  Conference
     on Sea Ice Ecology, in Ventura, California, 2-7 March.

STAMMERJOHN, S., AND R. C.  SMITH.  1997.  Palmer  Long-Term
     ecological  research: Sea ice indexes relevant to polar
     marine ecosystems. Poster presentation  at  the  Gordon
     Research  Conference  on  Sea  Ice Ecology, in Ventura,
     California, 2-7 March.

VERNET, M., K. S. BAKER, H. DIERSSEN, S. STAMMERJOHN, AND R.
     C.  SMITH.  1997.  Temporal  and spatial variability of
     primary production in the western  Antarctic  Peninsula
     during 1994/1995 and 1995/1996 growth seasons. American
     Society of Limnology and  Oceanography.  ASLO,  Aquatic
     Sciences Meeting, Santa Fe, New Mexico, 10-14 February.

                       LTER Talks

FRASER, W. R. 1997.  Report  to  US  global  climate  change
     research program (invited). Washington, DC.

ROSS, R. M., AND L. B. QUETIN. 1997. Family lecture program:
     The  Arctic  and  the  Antarctic.  La Patera Elementary
     School, Santa Barbara, CA.

ROSS, R. R. 1997.  Antarctic  Krill:  Keystone  species  and
     fishery  in the Southern Ocean. Santa Barbara, CA. Talk
     given at University of California,  Santa  Barbara  for
     School  of  Environmental  Science & Management, 7 July
     '97.

VERNET, M. 1996. Analysis of  relationship  between  produc-
     tivity  and  diversity  using experimental results from
     the Palmer Long-Term Ecological Research Program.  LTER
     BioDiversity  Workshop, NCEAS, 10-20 September, Univer-
     sity of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA.

--------
Ray Smith
Institute for Computational Earth System Science (ICESS)
University of California, Santa Barbara 
Santa Barbara, CA 93106
email: [email-masked]
phone: (805) 893-4709
fax:   (805) 893-2578